清代小说《断袖篇》作者俞雯考
ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">《断袖篇》一书为清人吴下阿蒙所编。全书共载故事五十一则，其中四十则引自明冯梦龙《情史ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">·ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">情外类》，九则引自清纪昀《阅微草堂笔记》。《zhongguo丛书综录》将其列入小说家类。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">
ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">吴下阿蒙，何许人也？历来是个谜。笔者近日查阅张次溪于上世纪三十年代编纂的《清代燕都梨园史料》时，无意中看到署名蕊珠旧史的《长安看花记》中有关于优伶鸿翠的记载：ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">鸿翠，俞姓，字小霞。初名绮文，更名雯。画兰款署ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">‘ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">吴下阿蒙俞雯ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">’ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">是也。与韵香同里、同师，故其行动举止，都无俗韵ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">
ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">《长安看花记》作者蕊珠旧史即ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">梅县杨懋建，字掌生，号尔园，别署蕊珠旧史。道光辛卯恩科举人，官国子监学正，著有《留香小阁诗词钞》。掌生聪明绝世，年十七受知阮文达，肄业学海堂，自天学、地学、图书、掌故、中西算法、历代音乐，皆精工焉。癸巳春闱已中会魁。总裁文达以其卷字多写说文违例，填榜时撤去其名，遂放荡不羁，竟以科场事遣戌。晚归粤东，与方梦园方伯子箴善，延主阳山讲席，以此终老。《辛壬癸甲录》、《长安看花记》、《丁年玉筍志》、ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">
ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">《梦华琐簿》四种，盖其旅燕时作也，生前曾刊《帝京花样》，即摘自此中云。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">《长安看花记》中出现的吴下阿蒙是否就是编撰《断袖篇》的吴下阿蒙？笔者认为俞雯即为《断袖篇》作者吴下阿蒙。理由如下：ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">
ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">一、《断袖篇》写作年代无考，然此书中ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">牧童ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">、ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">某巨室ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">、ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">两叟ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">等九则皆引自纪昀之《阅微草堂笔记》。而《阅微草堂笔记》始撰于乾隆五十四年，底成于嘉庆三年，历时九年陆续写成。嘉庆五年纪昀门人盛时彦为之校订合刊，二十一年有盛氏重刊本，道光十三年又有广州重刊本、会文堂书局详本等。由此可以推知，《断袖篇》必定编于嘉庆五年以后，宣统元年之前。而俞雯出生于嘉庆二十五年（ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1820ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">年），ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">盖自庚寅（ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1830ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">）入都，为弟子者凡十年ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">，ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">丁酉（ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1837ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">）春，小霞既脱弟子籍，仍寄居传经堂。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">从时间推算，俞雯完全有可能编写《断袖篇》。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">
ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">二、吴下阿蒙这一别号源自《三国志ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">·ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">吴志ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">·ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">吕蒙传》裴松之注引《江表传》，吴下即指东吴，阿蒙指吕蒙。《断袖篇》编撰者必为吴人。而俞雯亦为吴人。《长安看花记》有两处提及俞雯籍贯：其一，ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">小霞，吴中旧家中。父故隶巡抚使者麾下，为材官。有男子，子八人，小霞行第三。以嘉庆二十五年（ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">1820ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">）庚辰生，故小名阿龙。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">其二，ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">（鸿翠）与韵香同里，同师。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">而蕊珠旧史的《辛壬癸甲录》中有韵香的记载：ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">韵香者，林姓，吴人。来京师隶嵩祝部。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">另有萝摩庵老人《怀芳记》亦载：ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">俞鸿翠，字小霞，传经堂弟子。吴人，所居曰詠霓堂。妆小生，能书，亦写兰。有潇洒拔俗之致。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">由此可以确定，俞雯为吴下人。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">
ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">三、俞雯虽身操贱业，然其ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">行动举止，都无俗韵。标格如水仙一朵，在清泉白石间。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">其所交游亦多为士林文人。俞雯脱乐籍寄居传经堂时，与蕊珠旧史杨懋建过从甚密。又ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">与许兵部金桥交最厚ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">。俞雯素有侠肝义胆，在杨懋建ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">以顺天科场事，逮系诏狱ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">之时，为杨ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">职纳橐饘ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">；当许金桥为债家所逼时，ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">日向夕，亟驱车载数百千钱为偿之。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">不仅如此，俞雯还ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">神明玉映ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">，颇具文心诗胆画才：ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">径造其室，则小霞方独醉一壶。手黄庑堂《香屑集》，曼声讽咏。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">……ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">见客初不甚酬对，而谈言微中，使人之意也消，洵佳士也。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”“ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">小霞能画兰蕙。水墨淋漓，落纸辄数十幅。其人胸次洒落，品格翛然。故笔墨超脱，非诸郎所可及。丁酉夏秋间，长日无事，界绢素作乌丝阑格子，为余写诗。日以七百字为率。或白日无暇，夜分归来亦必补足之。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">”ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">由此可见，俞雯亦具备舞文弄墨的兴趣及才气。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">
ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">总而言之，笔者认为，道光间伶人俞雯即为同性恋专书《断袖篇》的编撰者。ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">
ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">作者：施晔ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">
ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">光明日报ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">
